Solar water heating Wikipedia. A solar water heater installed on a house in Belgium. Solar water heating SWH is the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector. A variety of configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes. SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications. A sun facing collector heats a working fluid that passes into a storage system for later use. SWH are active pumped and passive convection driven. They use water only, or both water and a working fluid. They are heated directly or via light concentrating mirrors. Digimax Master Software. They operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters. In large scale installations, mirrors may concentrate sunlight onto a smaller collector. The global solar thermal market is dominated by China, Europe, Japan and India, although Israel was one of the first countries to mandate installation of SWH in 1. Historyedit. An advertisement for a Solar Water Heater dating to 1. Records of solar collectors in the U. Service Radial Shaft Seal Technical Manual FreudenbergNOK Sealing Technologies. S. date to before 1. In 1. 89. 6 Clarence Kemp of Baltimore enclosed a tank in a wooden box, thus creating the first batch water heater as they are known today. Frank Shuman built the worlds first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, using parabolic troughs to power a 6. Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Flat plate collectors for solar water heating were used in Florida and Southern California in the 1. Interest grew in North America after 1. See Appendix 1 for country specific statistics on the Use of solar water heating worldwide. HTB14TFaJpXXXXX_XpXXq6xXFXXXH/200-300-400-500-600mm-manual-sealing-machine-hand-held-bag-sealer-plastic-food-bag-aluminum.jpg' alt='Manual Heat Sealing Iron' title='Manual Heat Sealing Iron' />3 GASFIRED BOILER Boiler Manual PART 1 PRODUCT AND SAFETY INFORMATION SPECIAL ATTENTION BOXES The following defined terms are used throughout this manual to bring. HTB1p8jHKXXXXXaOXXXXq6xXFXXXD/110V-Hand-held-bag-sealing-machine-aluminum-foil-package-sealer-SF300-metal-structure-300mm-sealing-width.jpg' alt='Manual Heat Sealing Iron' title='Manual Heat Sealing Iron' />Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. MediterraneaneditIsrael, Cyprus and Greece are the per capita leaders in the use of solar water heating systems supporting 3. Flat plate solar systems were perfected and used on a large scale in Israel. In the 1. 95. 0s a fuel shortage led the government to forbid heating water between 1. Levi Yissar built the first prototype Israeli solar water heater and in 1. Ner. Yah Company, Israels first commercial manufacturer of solar water heating. Solar water heaters were used by 2. Following the energy crisis in the 1. Israel required the installation of solar water heaters in all new homes except high towers with insufficient roof area. As a result, Israel became the world leader in the use of solar energy per capita with 8. In 2. 00. 5, Spain became the worlds first country to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second after Israel to require the installation of solar water heating systems, in 2. New solar hot water installations during 2. After 1. 96. 0 systems were marketed in Japan. Australia has a variety of national and state and regulations for solar thermal starting with MRET in 1. Solar water heating systems are popular in China, where basic models start at around 1,5. US2. 35, around 8. Western countries for a given collector size. At least 3. 0 million Chinese households have one. The popularity is due to efficient evacuated tubes that allow the heaters to function even under gray skies and at temperatures well below freezing. Latin AmericaeditColombia developed a local solar water heating industry thanks to the designs of Las Gaviotas, directed by Paolo Lugari. Driven by a desire to reduce costs in social housing, the team studied the best systems from Israel and made adaptations to meet the specifications set by Banco Central Hipotecario BCH which required the system to operate in cities such as Bogot that are overcast for more than 2. The ultimate designs were so successful that Las Gaviotas offered a 2. Over 4. 0,0. 00 were installed and still function a quarter of a century later. Design requirementseditThe type, complexity and size of a solar water heating system is mostly determined by Changes in ambient temperature and solar radiation between summer and winter. Changes in ambient temperature during the day night cycle. Possibility of the potable water or collector fluid overheating or freezing. The minimum requirements of the system are typically determined by the amount or temperature of hot water required during winter, when a systems output and incoming water temperature are typically at their lowest. The maximum output of the system is determined by the need to prevent the water in the system from becoming too hot. Freeze protectioneditFreeze protection measures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid. Drainback systems drain the transfer fluid from the system when the pump stops. Many indirect systems use antifreeze e. In some direct systems, collectors can be manually drained when freezing is expected. This approach is common in climates where freezing temperatures do not occur often, but is somewhat unreliable since it relies on an operator. A third type of freeze protection is freeze tolerance, where low pressure polymer water channels made of silicone rubber simply expand on freezing. One such collector now has European Solar Keymark accreditation. Overheat protectioneditWhen no hot water has been used for a day or two, the fluid in the collectors and storage can reach high temperatures in all non drainback systems. When the storage tank in a drainback system reaches its desired temperature, the pumps stop, ending the heating process and thus preventing the storage tank from overheating. Some active systems deliberately cool the water in the storage tank by circulating hot water through the collector at times when there is little sunlight or at night, losing heat. This is most effective in direct or thermal store plumbing and is virtually ineffective in systems that use evacuated tube collectors, due to their superior insulation. Any collector type may still overheat. High pressure, sealed solar thermal systems ultimately rely on the operation of temperature and pressure relief valves. Low pressure, open vented heaters have simpler, more reliable safety controls, typically an open vent. SystemseditSample designs include a simple glass topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of sheet metal, attached to copper heat exchanger pipes and dark colored, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated near vacuum glass cylinder. In industrial cases a parabolic mirror can concentrate sunlight on the tube. Heat is stored in a hot water storage tank. The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems to compensate for bad weatherclarification needed and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collectorclarification needed is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater. The heat transfer fluid HTF for the absorber may be water, but more commonly at least in active systems is a separate loop of fluid containing anti freeze and a corrosion inhibitor delivers heat to the tank through a heat exchanger commonly a coil of copper heat exchanger tubing within the tank. Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems because of its high heat conductivity, atmospheric and water corrosion resistance, sealing and joining by soldering and mechanical strength. Perilaku Organisasi Stephen P Robbins Edisi 15 more. Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks. Another lower maintenance concept is the drain back.