Medical dictionary. Hernia Definition. Hernia is a general term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it. PRESCRIBING INFORMATION ZOVIRAX acyclovir Capsules ZOVIRAX acyclovir Tablets ZOVIRAX acyclovir Suspension DESCRIPTION ZOVIRAX is the brand name for. Public Information from the CDC and Medscape. Starboard And Port here. Cite this article Herpes Zoster Rates Are Increasing, but Why Medscape Apr 14, 2014. Description. There are many different types of hernias. The most familiar type are those that occur in the abdomen, in which part of the intestines protrude through the abdominal wall. This may occur in different areas and, depending on the location, the hernia is given a different name. An inguinal hernia appears as a bulge in the groin and may come and go depending on the position of the person or their level of physical activity. It can occur with or without pain. In men, the protrusion may descend into the scrotum. Inguinal hernias account for 8. Femoral hernias are similar to inguinal hernias but appear as a bulge slightly lower. They are more common in women due to the strain of pregnancy. BackgroundIn previous phase 12 clinical trials involving older adults, a subunit vaccine containing varicellazoster virus glycoprotein E and the AS01B adjuvant. Zoster vaccines includes a number of vaccines that have been shown to reduce the incidence of herpes zoster also known as shingles. One type of zoster vaccine is. Looking for online definition of hernia in the Medical Dictionary hernia explanation free. What is hernia Meaning of hernia medical term. What does hernia meanA ventral hernia is also called an incisional hernia because it generally occurs as a bulge in the abdomen at the site of an old surgical scar. It is caused by thinning or stretching of the scar tissue, and occurs more frequently in people who are obese or pregnant. An umbilical hernia appears as a soft bulge at the navel umbilicus. It is caused by a weakening of the area or an imperfect closure of the area in infants. This type of hernia is more common in women due to pregnancy, and in Chinese and black infants. Some umbilical hernias in infants disappear without treatment within the first year. A hiatal or diaphragmatic hernia is different from abdominal hernias in that it is not visible on the outside of the body. With a hiatal hernia, the stomach bulges upward through the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen the diaphragm. This type of hernia occurs more often in women than in men, and it is treated differently from other types of hernias. Causes and symptoms. Most hernias result from a weakness in the abdominal wall that either develops or that an infant is born with congenital. Any increase in pressure in the abdomen, such as coughing, straining, heavy lifting, or pregnancy, can be a considered causative factor in developing an abdominal hernia. Obesity or recent excessive weight loss, as well as aging and previous surgery, are also risk factors. Most abdominal hernias appear suddenly when the abdominal muscles are strained. The person may feel tenderness, a slight burning sensation, or a feeling of heaviness in the bulge. It may be possible for the person to push the hernia back into place with gentle pressure, or the hernia may disappear by itself when the person reclines. Being able to push the hernia back is called reducing it. Stefan_Oliver/publication/260130850/figure/fig1/AS:272637834297388@1442013333822/Figure-1-VZV-life-cycle-and-replication-a-Model-of-the-varicella-zoster-virus-VZV.png' alt='Zoster Free Download' title='Zoster Free Download' />On the other hand, some hernias cannot be pushed back into place, and are termed incarcerated or irreducible. A hiatal hernia may also be caused by obesity, pregnancy, aging, or previous surgery. About 5. 0 of all people with hiatal hernias do not have any symptoms. If symptoms exist they will include heartburn, usually 3. There may be some mid chest pain due to gastric acid from the stomach being pushed up into the esophagus. The pain and heartburn are usually worse when lying down. Frequent belching and feelings of abdominal fullness may also be present. Diagnosis. Generally, abdominal hernias need to be seen and felt to be diagnosed. Usually the hernia will increase in size with an increase in abdominal pressure, so the doctor may ask the person to cough while he or she feels the area. Once a diagnosis of an abdominal hernia is made, the doctor will usually send the person to a surgeon for a consultation. Surgery provides the only cure for a hernia through the abdominal wall. With a hiatal hernia, the diagnosis is based on the symptoms reported by the person. The doctor may then order tests to confirm the diagnosis. If a barium swallow is ordered, the person drinks a chalky white barium solution, which will help any protrusion through the diaphragm show up on the x ray that follows. Currently, a diagnosis of hiatal hernia is more frequently made by endoscopy. This procedure is done by a gastroenterologist a specialist in digestive diseases. During an endoscopy the person is given an intravenous sedative and a small tube is inserted through the mouth, then into the esophagus and stomach where the doctor can visualize the hernia. Day Of Defeat Bots Patch'>Day Of Defeat Bots Patch. The procedure takes about 3. It is done on an outpatient basis. Treatment. Once an abdominal hernia occurs it tends to increase in size. Some patients with abdominal hernias wait and watch for a while prior to choosing surgery. In these cases, they must avoid strenuous physical activity such as heavy lifting or straining with constipation. They may also wear a truss, which is a support worn like a belt to keep a small hernia from protruding. People can tell if their hernia is getting worse if they develop severe constant pain, nausea and vomiting, or if the bulge does not return to normal when lying down or when they try to gently push it back in place. In these cases they should consult with their doctor immediately. But, ultimately, surgery is the treatment in almost all cases. There are risks to not repairing a hernia surgically. Left untreated, a hernia may become incarcerated, which means it can no longer be reduced or pushed back into place. With an incarcerated hernia the intestines become trapped outside the abdomen. This could lead to a blockage in the intestine. If it is severe enough it may cut off the blood supply to the intestine and part of the intestine might actually die. When the blood supply is cut off, the hernia is termed strangulated. Because of the risk of tissue death necrosis and gangrene, and because the hernia can block food from moving through the bowel, a strangulated hernia is a medical emergency requiring immediate surgery. Repairing a hernia before it becomes incarcerated or strangulated is much safer than waiting until complications develop. Surgical repair of a hernia is called a herniorrhaphy. The surgeon will push the bulging part of the intestine back into place and sew the overlying muscle back together. When the muscle is not strong enough, the surgeon may reinforce it with a synthetic mesh. Surgery can be done on an outpatient basis. It usually takes 3. It can be done under either local or general anesthesia and is frequently done with a laparoscope. In this type of surgery, a tube that allows visualization of the abdominal cavity is inserted through a small puncture wound. Several small punctures are made to allow surgical instruments to be inserted. This type of surgery avoids a larger incision. A hiatal hernia is treated differently. Medical treatment is preferred. Treatments include avoiding reclining after mealsavoiding spicy foods, acidic foods, alcohol, and tobaccoeating small, frequent, bland mealseating a high fiber diet. There are also several types of medications that help to manage the symptoms of a hiatal hernia. Antacids are used to neutralize gastric acid and decrease heartburn. Drugs that reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach H2 blockers are also used. This class of drugs includes famotidine sold under the name Pepcid, cimetidine Tagamet, and ranitidine Zantac. Omeprazole Prilosec is not an H2 blocker, but is another drug that suppresses gastric acid secretion and is used for hiatal hernias. Another option may be metoclopramide Reglan, a drug that increases the tone of the muscle around the esophagus and causes the stomach to empty more quickly. Alternative treatment. Varicella zoster virus Wikipedia. Varicella zoster virus or varicella zoster virus VZV is one of eight herpesviruses known to infect humans. It causes chickenpox varicella, a disease most commonly affecting children, teens, and young adults, and herpes zoster shingles in older adults shingles is rare in children. VZV is a worldwide pathogen known by many names chickenpox virus, varicella virus, zoster virus, and human herpesvirus type 3 HHV 3. VZV infections are species specific to humans, but can survive in external environments for a few hours, maybe a day or two. VZV multiplies in the lungs, and causes a wide variety of symptoms. After the primary infection chickenpox, the virus goes dormant in the nerves, including the cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia. Many years after the patient has recovered from chickenpox, VZV can reactivate to cause neurologic conditions. EpidemiologyeditPrimary varicella zoster virus infection results in chickenpox varicella, which may result in complications including encephalitis, pneumonia either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia, or bronchitis either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis. Even when clinical symptoms of chickenpox have resolved, VZV remains dormant in the nervous system of the infected person virus latency, in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. VZV enters through the respiratory system. Having an incubation period of 1. Some signs and symptoms are vesicles that fill with pus, rupture, and scab before healing. Lesions tend to stay towards the face, throat, and lower back sometimes on the chest and shoulders. Shingles usually stay located around the waist. In about 1. VZV reactivates later in life, producing a disease known as shingles or herpes zoster. VZV can also infect the central nervous system, with a 2. Switzerland, and an annual incidence rate of 1. Sweden. 5Other serious complications of varicella zoster infection include postherpetic neuralgia, Mollarets meningitis, zoster multiplex, and inflammation of arteries in the brain leading to stroke,6 myelitis, herpes ophthalmicus, or zoster sine herpete. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, VZV affects the geniculate ganglion giving lesions that follow specific branches of the facial nerve. Symptoms may include painful blisters on the tongue and ear along with one sided facial weakness and hearing loss. If infected during initial stages of pregnancy severe damage to the fetus can take place. Reyes syndrome can happen after initial infection, continuous vomiting and shows signs of brain dysfunction extreme drowsiness or combative behavior. In some cases, death or coma can follow. Reyes syndrome mostly affects children and teenagers, using aspirin during infection can increase this risk. Unattended Installation Windows Xp Network Settings. MorphologyeditVZV is closely related to the herpes simplex viruses HSV, sharing much genome homology. The known envelope glycoproteins g. B, g. C, g. E, g. H, g. I, g. K, g. L correspond with those in HSV however, there is no equivalent of HSV g. D. VZV also fails to produce the LAT latency associated transcripts that play an important role in establishing HSV latency herpes simplex virus. VZV virons are spherical and 1. Their lipid envelope encloses the 1. Its DNA is a single, linear, double stranded molecule, 1. The capsid is surrounded by loosely associated proteins known collectively as the tegument many of these proteins play critical roles in initiating the process of virus reproduction in the infected cell. The tegument is in turn covered by a lipid envelope studded with glycoproteins that are displayed on the exterior of the virion, each approximately 8 nm long. GenomeseditThe genome was first sequenced in 1. It is a linear duplex DNA molecule, a laboratory strain has 1. The genome has 2 predominant isomers, depending on the orientation of the S segment, P prototype and IS inverted S which are present with equal frequency for a total frequency of 9. The L segment can also be inverted resulting in a total of four linear isomers IL and ILS. This is distinct from HSVs equiprobable distribution, and the discriminatory mechanism is not known. A small percentage of isolated molecules are circular genomes, about which little is known. It is known that HSV circularizes on infection. There are at least 7. There are at least five clades of this virus. Clades 1 and 3 include EuropeanNorth American strains clade 2 are Asian strains, especially from Japan and clade 5 appears to be based in India. Clade 4 includes some strains from Europe but its geographic origins need further clarification. EvolutioneditCommonality with HSV1 and HSV2 indicates a common ancestor, five genes do not have corresponding HSV genes. Relation with other human herpes viruses is less strong, but many homologues and conserved gene blocks are still found. There are five principle clades 1 5 and four genotypes that do not fit into these clades. The current distribution of these clades is Asia clades 1,2, and 5 and Europe clades 1, 3 and 4. Allocation of VZV strains to clades required sequence of whole virus genome. Practically all molecular epidemiological data on global VZV strains distribution obtained with targeted sequencing of selected regions. Phylogenetic analysis of VZV genomic sequences resolves wild type strains into 9 genotypes E1, E2, J, M1, M2, M3, M4, VIII and IX. Complete sequences for M3 and M4 strains are unavailable, but targeted analyses of representative strains suggest they are stable, circulating VZV genotypes. Sequence analysis of VZV isolates identified both shared and specific markers for every genotype and validated a unified VZV genotyping strategy. Despite high genotype diversity no evidence for intra genotypic recombination was observed. Five of seven VZV genotypes were reliably discriminated using only four single nucleotide polymorphisms SNP present in ORF2. E1 and E2 genotypes were resolved using SNP located in ORF2. ORF2. 2 or ORF5. 0. Sequence analysis of 3. European countries identified the following distribution of VZV genotypes E1, 2. E2, 8. 7 2. 5 M1, 2. M2, 3 1 M4, 1. No M3 or J strains were observed. Of 1. 65 clinical varicella and zoster isolates from Australia and New Zealand typed using this approach, 6. Australian isolates were E1, 3. E2, 1. 6 were J, 1. M1, and 4 were M2 2. New Zealand isolates were E1, 8 were E2, and 5 were M1. The mutation rate for synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation rates among the herpesviruses have been estimated at 1 1. B gene. 1. 3TreatmenteditWithin the human body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including acyclovir for the chicken pox, famciclovir, valaciclovir for the shingles, zoster immune globulin ZIG, and vidarabine. VZV immune globulin is also a treatment. VaccinationeditA live attenuated VZV OkaMerck strain vaccine is available and is marketed in the United States under the trade name Varivax. It was developed by Merck, Sharp Dohme in the 1. Oka strain virus isolated and attenuated by Michiaki Takahashi and colleagues in the 1. It was submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for approval in 1. Since then, it has been added to the recommended vaccination schedules for children in Australia, the United States, and many other countries.